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What (who) is Judenfrage - definition
![[[Hitler's prophecy speech]] in the Reichstag, 30 January 1939](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Adolf Hitler's speech in the Reichstag, 30 January 1939.jpg?width=200 "[[Hitler's prophecy speech]] in the Reichstag, 30 January 1939")
![Reichstag]] session of 11 December 1941: Adolf Hitler declares war on the United States of America](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B06275A, Berlin, Reichstagssitzung, Rede Adolf Hitler.jpg?width=200 "Reichstag]] session of 11 December 1941: Adolf Hitler declares war on the United States of America")
![The villa at 56–58 Am Großen Wannsee, where the [[Wannsee Conference]] was held, is now a memorial and museum.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz 02-2014.jpg?width=200 "The villa at 56–58 Am Großen Wannsee, where the [[Wannsee Conference]] was held, is now a memorial and museum.")
![Nazi-Soviet line]] in red](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG?width=200 "Nazi-Soviet line]] in red")
Wikipedia
"On the Jewish Question" is a response by Karl Marx to then-current debates over the Jewish question. Marx wrote the piece in 1843, and it was first published in Paris in 1844 under the German title "Zur Judenfrage" in the Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher.
The essay criticizes two studies by Marx's fellow Young Hegelian Bruno Bauer on the attempt by Jews to achieve political emancipation in Prussia. Bauer argued that Jews could achieve political emancipation only by relinquishing their particular religious consciousness since political emancipation requires a secular state, which he assumes does not leave any "space" for social identities such as religion. According to Bauer, such religious demands are incompatible with the idea of the "Rights of Man". True political emancipation, for Bauer, requires the abolition of religion.
Marx uses Bauer's essay as an occasion for his own analysis of liberal rights, arguing that Bauer is mistaken in his assumption that in a "secular state" religion will no longer play a prominent role in social life, and giving as an example the pervasiveness of religion in the United States, which, unlike Prussia, had no state religion. In Marx's analysis, the "secular state" is not opposed to religion, but rather actually presupposes it. The removal of religious or property qualifications for citizens does not mean the abolition of religion or property, but only introduces a way of regarding individuals in abstraction from them.
On this note Marx moves beyond the question of religious freedom to his real concern with Bauer's analysis of "political emancipation". Marx concludes that while individuals can be "spiritually" and "politically" free in a secular state, they can still be bound to material constraints on freedom by economic inequality, an assumption that would later form the basis of his critiques of capitalism.
A number of scholars and commentators regard "On the Jewish Question", and in particular its second section, which addresses Bauer's work "The Capacity of Present-day Jews and Christians to Become Free", as antisemitic; however, a number of others disagree.
